Was the radicals who were to blame for the Peterloo massacre essays

Was the radicals who were to be faulted for the Peterloo slaughter expositions It was the radicals who were to be faulted for the Peterloo slaughter? The Peterloo slaughter was a startling day for each and every individual who went to the dissent that was given by Henry Hunt. On 16 August 1819, a horde of more than 50,000 accumulated in St Peter's Fields in Manchester to hear a discourse on parliamentary change by Henry Hunt. The reformers bore two pennants, conquered with tops of freedom, and bearing the engravings: No Corn Laws, Yearly Parliaments, All inclusive Suffrage, Vote by Ballot. Eleven individuals were slaughtered and around 400 harmed, however what was to come was a lot of unforeseen. Numerous individuals got harmed and murdered yet the inquiry is who was to be faulted for the Peterloo slaughter? A few people imagined that the yeomanries were at fault for the Peterloo slaughter since they assaulted vulnerable individuals in town with no notice. Archibald Prentice (observer and companion of Henry Hunt) says ...when a howling sound was gotten notification from the central avenue and hurrying out I saw individuals running toward Pendleton, their faces horribly ashen, and some with blood streaming down their cheeks. From Archibalds articulation I accept that the individuals were guiltless and exposed, they had no privilege rewarding them like that, they were not to fault. From the outset Archibald wasnt sure what was happening around when he saw the individuals running in dread. The craftsman of the image reprimands the yeomanry for the Peterloo slaughter in light of the fact that the image shows the warriors executing guiltless individuals with sabers, the ponies tramping them and being shot. Other 400 were likewise genuinely harmed. It likewise shows a powerless mother on the ground asking for leniency for the officer to save her and her childs life. On the stage it shows Henry Hunt and different reformers holding banners and hollering at the group. It gives you the name of the individuals who were executed and how they passed on. This educate ... <!

Romeo and Juliet - Act III, Scene V :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet - Act III, Scene V &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Act III, Scene V of Romeo and Juliet is critical for it is the most critical scene of this terrible play.&nbsp; Although earlier scenes present extraordinary conditions, this scene uncovers the aftereffects of past exercises and starts a arrangement of disastrous misconceptions and deadly reactions.&nbsp; Transformations occuring among characters and their associations with each other and the tone of the play are uncovered in this scene.&nbsp; Through language, Shakespeare presents these progressions just as portending the possible catastrophe Romeo and Juliet's death.&nbsp; From this point on in the play there are no more comedic or sentimental scenes.&nbsp; The accompanying scenes are of outrageous activities, incident and tragedy.&nbsp; The star-crossed sweethearts can't get away from their destiny. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; One of the numerous changes introduced in this scene is that of Romeo what's more, Juliet's affection for one another.&nbsp; Romeo and Juliet's adoration makes the progress from fascination to a profound and true love.&nbsp; In prior scenes they utilized excessively sentimental language and illustration, while, presently they address each other of their love in a develop and delicate way.&nbsp; They will successfully be with each other, for their affection outperforms any feeling for their familial or network ties.&nbsp; They are happy to make any forfeit so as to have their longing for each other fulfilled.&nbsp; Both Romeo and Juliet appreciate each other's conversation on their first morning together after their marriage and they would prefer not to part. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Juliet's first noticeable change to adulthood is uncovered here.&nbsp; In Romeo's longing to be with Juliet, he is happy to hazard catch, and most most likely passing, in being found inside the Capulet walls.&nbsp; Romeo, despite the fact that developing in his sentiments of affection and closeness is as yet youthful and wild in his behavior.&nbsp; interestingly, after excusing the situation of sunshine and their being found, Juliet in the end argues for Romeo to leave O, presently be gone! All the more light and light it develops. (III, v, 35)&nbsp; To which Romeo reacts, More light and light-increasingly dim and dull our troubles. (III, v, 36)&nbsp; The allegories related with light (for example the sun, the moon, the day) which beforehand ensured their undertaking is currently their enemy.&nbsp; Nature itself has turned upon them

UGA and the New SAT - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

UGA and the New SAT - UGA Undergraduate Admissions UGA and the New SAT As everyone probably knows, the College Board started offering the newly redesigned SAT test in March of 2016, and the Essay portion is now optional. This new SAT (which I am calling the SAT R for now), will impact freshman applicants starting in the Summer/Fall of 2017 and beyond. UGA will continue to accept both the old and the new SAT and the ACT, but with the change in the SAT R test, we will not require or use the Essay/Writing component for either the SAT or ACT for students beginning in the Summer/Fall 2017 term and beyond. UGA will continue to superscore the SAT and the ACT (we do not superscore across SAT and ACT exams though), and we will continue to use the SAT subscores for both SAT tests in the superscore calculation for each SAT type, those being the SAT I and the SAT R. In reviewing the details of the equivalency charts from the new to the old SAT, we have now determined that we will not be able to superscore between the two SAT tests. While we initially thought we might be able to superscore across the two SATs, we now see that this is not possible for many reasons, especially due to the difficulties in trying to compare the Critical Reading (CR) and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) sections. Based on our review of the new scores and the concordances, we do not predict this change to have any negative impact on any chances for admission. In helping students to understand the SAT R, the College Board has provided students with an SAT Score Converter to allow you to translate the SAT R to SAT 1 or the reverse. Additionally, we suggest you look at the data a college provides in their student profile (for example, the UGA First-Year Class Profile), where they provide mid-range data. You can then use data from the College Board Conversion charts to see that our mid -50% SAT 1 of 1810-2060 (2400 range) would be roughly equivalent to a mid-50% SAT R of a 1290-1440 (1600 range). While this is not exact, this is at least an estimate how the new SAT R translates into our past data. Our office will be doing a a great deal of data analysis in the coming months to make sure we use all three score types (SAT 1, SAT R and ACT) appropriately and correctly. Please remember that in our review of SAT and ACT scores, we will continue to look at all subscores, but we will focus on the CR Math Sections on the SAT I, the EBRW Math sections of the SAT R, and the English Math sections on the ACT. We also suggest that you review what steps other colleges will be taking concerning the new SAT to better understand your options. Go Dawgs!

Environmental Science and Human Population - 724 Words

Environmental Science and Human Population Worksheet 1. What would you include in a brief summary on the history of the modern environmental movement, from the 1960s to the present? The modern environment movement began on April 22, 1970 largely due to the release of the book The Silent Spring that is written by an environmentalist name Rachel Carson. Overtime, I think the environment has improved tremendously from where and how it all began. With the help of the National Resources Defense Council, many things started happening for the betterment of the environment. Many Acts and laws were passed such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the Clean Air Act and the Endangered Species Act. The National Resources Defense Council has†¦show more content†¦The prediction for developed countries population is that in time there is hopes for it to level off. With more women working and returning to school time to raise a family has become limited and sometime nonexistent. There are also more choices for the women in developed countries to use some sort of birth control. In the developing countries it is popular for the young women to get married at an early age, thus leading to them becoming pregnant earlier in life and more likely to have more children. They lack getting educated about safe sex and contraception. If reproduction keeps, happening due to these factors in developing countries there, population will grow rapidly and this will add to the carrying capacity of the earth. If carrying capacity is exceeded it will create a packing problem and we may not be able to produce the means we need to survive. 4. How do individual choices affect natural ecosystem? Provide examples from your personal or community experience. According to How Do We Affect The Ecosystem? (2011), â€Å"An ecosystem is a living system that includes the sun as an energy source, soil, rocks, water, air, plant life and living beings.† Our individual choices affect the natural ecosystem in several ways. Those who choose to have a farm are killing off the ecosystem of plants and animals that existed and lived off that area so that they can produce the kind of food they want to have. The chemicals they use to growShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Fundamentals859 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Fundamentals Tara Howe ENV/100 Tolulope Awosika March 4th, 2013 Environmental Fundamentals In the year 1800 the human population on earth reached 1 billion. In 200 years, the population soared to 6 billion (Berg Hager, Chapter 1, 2009). With industrialization and technologies developed in those 200 years, humans have been depleting the earth’s natural resources at an alarming rate. Environmental science is the branch of science concerned withRead MoreEnvironmental Science Worksheet Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Environmental Science Worksheet Answer the following questions in at least 100 words. The answers are found in Ch. 1–4 of Environmental Science. 1. What would you include in a brief summary on the history of the environmental movement? The environmental movement is closely related with the appearance of environmental awareness. Before 1960, very few people knew the term ecology. Environmental concerns were absent in the political and socialRead MoreEnvironmental Degradation Of The Environment940 Words   |  4 Pages Many individuals will argue that population growth or technological development are the primary causes of environmental degradation. There is also a third cause of environmental degradation that people hypothesize, which is our values. These people believe that major values influence population growth and technological development. The argument is that values are more important, and influence population growth and technological development. Key values come from national, racial and religious culturesRead MoreOverpopulation Is Not The Problem1395 Words   |  6 Pagesits future, whereas others conclude this theory is a myth due to human nature and resources. In Isaac Asimov’s, â€Å"The Case Against Man†, he elucidated the verity of overpopulation, emphasizing that the disproportion of earth’s carrying capacity and its resources will inevitably lead to humanity’s demise. Introducing the notion that humanity â€Å"is one enormous intricately interrelated and interdependent system† (Asimov 431) and using science, mathematics, statistics, and analogies, Asimov declared the soleRead MoreEssay On Overpopulation1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe world we live in is becoming increasingly overpopulated due to migrates and births. With an increase in population, there will become a decrease in resources over time. Furthermore, not being able to provide the quality of life due to the decline of resources can create a war and an unbalanced world. There is no way this should be allowed to happen without a plan of action for the future due to the impact. Just because we can reproduce does not mean we should go overboard with it as well as weRead MoreYeah 717 Words   |  3 PagesThey both Jump started the rise in population. The agricultural revolution happened first about 10,000 years ago. People began to grow crops, raise domestic animals, and live sedentary lifestyles. People began to live longer and produce more children. During the mid-1700s, the industrial revolution greatly increased population. It was a shift from an agricultural society to an urban society powered by fossil fuels. What is the tragedy o the commons? Explain how the concept might apply to an unregulatedRead MoreWeek 1 Sci/256 Essay example638 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Environmental Science Worksheet Answer the following questions in at least 100 words. The answers are found in Ch. 1–4 of Environmental Science. 1. What would you include in a brief summary on the history of the environmental movement? In the first two centuries of U.S. history was a widespread environmental destruction. In the 19th century there were four people who played a key role in protecting the environment; Henry Thoreau, John Audubon,Read MoreThreats to Global Food Supplies Essay621 Words   |  3 PagesBecause of the increasing world population and the growth of the environmental problems such as global warming and acid rain, global food supplies meet great challenges to feed so many people especially those in economically richer areas wasting foods. A series of problems following food supply shortage like the competition of land, water and energy are also existed. This essay will look into these problems, provide some possible solutions and evaluate them. World population is a constant problem sinceRead MoreSomething New Under the Sun: Review1458 Words   |  6 PagesSomething New Under the Sun: A Review Nicole Desaulnier 997155821 HIS1111 Topics in North American Environmental History Professor Laurel MacDowell February 03, 2009 Ecclesiastes, written by King Solomon towards the end of his life, discusses vanity in terms of items that bring no ultimate value, that many things on earth have a temporary value. He tells readers that â€Å"there is nothing new under the sun† as humankind has pursued individual, short-term profits and gains throughout time and will continueRead MoreThe Effects Of Pesticides On The Ecosystem Of Agricultural Organisms1491 Words   |  6 Pagesagents that replicate and feed of the energy of living things. Viruses are one of the many things the immune system recognize as pathogens and work to prevent and get rid of. Fungi are decomposing organisms and microorganisms that can cause disease in humans and animals. Key Questions: Now that the European Commission has banned the use of the use of certain pesticides, how are people in the US reacting to this decision? What do these pesticides do? Why were they banned? What effect do they have on agriculture

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Conversion Kits

Compressed natural gas (CNG) conversion kits  allow a mechanic to convert a conventional gasoline car to one that runs on the CNG. Although the process is complex, it is not necessarily difficult and quite doable. And if you are mechanically inclined, it could feasibly be done in your own garage. The other option is to find a willing mechanic that will install a CNG kit for you! This type of alternative fuel also comes with its fair share of advantages including more engine power, better fuel efficiency and longer engine life overall. However, there are also several concerns you should address before committing to fully converting your vehicle. You should consult a trusted mechanic for more information regarding the logic of making this change. Common Concerns One potential hoop to jump through could be emissions certification for your particular state — some states require special conditions since youd be changing the vehicles engineered fuel type. They all differ, and some are easier to work with than others. The U.S. Department of Energy offers this emissions certification information and CSA America offers a searchable database of compressed natural gas cylinder inspectors. Another be-aware-before-you-do-it-item is to locate the CNG fueling stations in your area to be sure you’ll have regular access to the fuel. This station finder for CNG and alternative fuels includes pricing for the United States. Another alternative, if you have natural gas in your home, is to install a Phill home refueling appliance. These devices compress and dispense a tank of fuel in about 8 hours. They are designed to be attached overnight, delivering a full tank by morning. Another option could be to install a CNG compressor at your house, which typically runs upwards of $4,500. Where to Get the Kits Fortunately, there is no shortage of vendors for these CNG conversion kits. Websites like  CNG Interstate  which not only offers a bi-fuel CNG/gasoline conversion kit and CNG cylinders but also a plethora of information related to understanding how they work.   Grimhall Vehicle Upfitters also offers CNG conversion advice for home installation and is a valuable reference for regulatory and safety information. Although their online store is still relatively new, they offer plenty of products for CNG conversion. Speaking of, chances are your local mechanic will also be able to get the right tools for the job, but if you live in the Denver Metro area, Redmark CNG Services offers alternative fuel conversions for a variety of American vehicle makes and models with installations available directly at their facility. Similarly,  Tulsa Gas Technologies  offers full conversions in Tulsa, OK, and Dallas, TX.

Week Three Learning Team Reflection Free Essays

Why and how do we conduct business research? This week in Business Research topics were the purpose of business research; developing appropriate research questions and hypothesis, and identifying dependent and independent variables. Week three has given us a better understanding of how to conduct business research. There are several purposes for business research. We will write a custom essay sample on Week Three Learning Team Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now One major purpose would be to uncover and address problems and issues concerning the business. Another purpose is to improve strategies and tactics of the business. With business research one could define the strategies, and tactics, monitor them, and refine them. Business research is also used to help increase the knowledge and understanding of the various fields of management (Cooper Schindler, 2011). Developing the appropriate research questions and hypothesis is crucial in the research process as the well thought out questions will focus the researcher’s attention to the most pertinent aspects of the issue, opportunity or dilemma. Poorly defined questions may cause the research to go in misguided and irrelevant directions. Although there are many types of questions that management can pose during the research process, there are four basic categories of research questions contained in what is known as the management-research question hierarchy (Cooper Schindler, 2011). These categorical questions are management, research, investigative, and measurement. Each will focus the researcher’s efforts onto a specific aspect of the dilemma. In research, a proposition is a statement made concerning an observable phenomena that can be deemed true or false. This proposition is the foundation of what will be formulated as the hypotheses of our research. The hypotheses are of a tentative and conjectural nature (Cooper Schindler, 2011). In the hypotheses we assign variables to a given case. There are four types of hypotheses. They are descriptive, correlational, explanatory, and relational. The purpose of the hypotheses is to guide the study; identify relevant facts; suggest the appropriate style of research and provide a framework for organizing the conclusions. Finally, a strong hypothesis is adequate, testable, and better than its rivals. Researchers use variables when testing hypotheses. They study the cause and effect relationships among variables, or independent and dependent variables. The independent variable causes the effect of the dependent variable. Researchers typically manipulate the independent variable while monitoring its effect on the dependent variable. In this cause and effect study, the researcher will hypothesize how the independent variable affects the dependent variable. These cause and effect studies can conclude a multitude of effects, answering important questions related to business research. How can we increase productivity, sales, morale among employees, integrity, etc.? How can we reduce fraud, waste, loss, etc.? Exploration and the information gathered from it is often the primary contributing factor in effective business research. This week the learning team discussed objectives related to the purpose of business research. The team established that the purposes of business research include addressing problems and issues, improving strategies and tactics, and increasing knowledge and understanding. The team also conferred on the value of developing appropriate research questions and hypotheses, agreeing that appropriate research questions and hypothesis are crucial. Effectively defined questions can take research in a well-structured and relevant direction, and a strong hypothesis is valuable in establishing the substance and structure of the research. Finally, the team conferred on the use of independent and dependent variables in research. The team deduced that researchers can use the cause and effect relationship between the two types of variables – manipulating the independent variables to study the effect on the dependent variables – to their advantage in answering many business research questions. How to cite Week Three Learning Team Reflection, Essays

Negligence in Employment Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Negligence in Employment. Answer: Case Introduction The case is related to the tort of negligence with respect to workplace and employment contract. it is the duty of the employer in commonlaw as well as through legislations to ensure that they are provided with a safe and healthy working environment and system. In case the employer is not able to provide a secure system to the employees in relation to their work they evidently violate the duty of care which has been imposed on them towards the employees. The case of Koehler vs. Cerebos (Aust) Ltd (2005) is related to a situation where psychiatric harm had been faced an employee due to additional work pressure. Therefore the issue before the court was to identify that whether the employer could reasonably foresee such psychiatric harm and whether at all an employer owed a duty to be alerted about a mental harm which can be caused to the employee. Disability claims in relation to mental stress have been almost totally removed from workers compensation provisions imposed in Western Aust ralia and such an action have increased commonlaw action with respect to mental injury to employees. This case has provided a major decision with respect to the duty of employer to the employee towards mental injury. Facts of the case The facts in relation to this case are very simple and clear. The appellant employee had worked for the respondent employer on full time basis in form of a sales representative. The appellant have been retrenched by the respondent. An offer was made by the respondent to the appellant upon retrenchment to work on a part time basis which was to work for only three days a week. Complaints had been coming in from the employee during the course she had been employed as a part time worker in relation to increased work pressure. She had notified the management about this problem on various occasions to reduce the number of shops to be covered by her or to provide her with an opportunity to work for an additional fourth day to reduce her work pressure. However, no relevance had been provided by the management to such concerns. Subsequently, a mental illness had been developed by the employee and the cause for such illness was the increased work load. Therefore proceedings had been initiated by the employee with respect to the tort of negligence by alleging that the duty of care owed by the employer towards her been violated as the employer failed to provided her with a work system which was safe. It was determined by the commissioner of the district court of WA that the work pressure imposed on the employee was actually excessive. In addition it was ruled by the court that no advance expertise was needed for the employer to foresee the harm suffered by the employee. The employer according to the commissioner could have easily provided increased assistance to help the employee whom he did not and thus violated the duty of care. However the decision of the district court had been over ruled through an appeal where it was stated by the court of appeal that the employer could not reasonably predict the mental harm caused to the employee in relation to the work pressure. In addition no evidence suggested that the employer has to be altered in relation to a mental injury which may be caused to an employee. The high court also agreed with the decision of the full court in relation to the case. Issue raised by the plaintiff and the defendant The major issue which had been raised in relation to the appeal by the appellant was that the full court was not correct in its decision towards determining the duty of care which was owed by the respondent to the appellant with respect to the additional harm. In addition the appellant raised the issue in relation to the breach of employment contract and statutory provisions as well in the high court. The issue which was raised by the employer in this case was that there was no reason which they had towards suspecting that the employee would suffer mental injuries and the employee had expressly agreed to the duties which were to be performed by her. Arguments provided by the parties It had been provided by the appellant that the work load had been significantly increased by the employer as she had been expected to do the work she used to do during five days in only three days and as a result she suffered a mental injury. No particular expertise was needed for the employer to identify the fact that the employee may suffer a mental damage if excessive work pressure was imposed on her. There was no problem for the employer to provide assistance to the employee in relation to the additional work pressure. Even if there were problems such problem were negligible. Thus the employer was negligent towards his actions. It was provided the defendant employer that it was not possible for them to foresee such mental injury caused to the plaintiff. The appellant in addition had gone into a contract with the employer which signified her agreement in relation to performing such duties in the provided time. The employer had not reasons to suspect that such work would result in mental injury for the employee. Thus there is no negligent action on the part of the employer Decisions by the court The High court in this court in this case upheld the decision of the full court and provided a decision in favor of the employer that there was no negligence on their part. The appeal made by the employee had been dismissed by the court unanimously. The court found that no reasonable person if placed in the position of the employer would foresee psychiatric harm caused to the employee in similar conditions. This was because there was an agreement between the employee and the employee that employee would be performing such duties. it is the right of the employer and the employee in relation to common law to get into a contract with respect to any amount of work imposed on a person even if such work is more than the basic industrial standard or is more than often provided with a higher level of pay. It is the right of the employer to assume that the employee would be properly able to do their work in the absence of any sign of warning related to a psychiatric injury. No indication had been made by the employee that she was prone to such mental injury as claimed in this case. In addition the court provided that the complaint made by the employee suggests a problem related to industrial relation rather than a risk to health due to negligence. Therefore there is no breach of the duty of care had been done by the employer in relation to the injury caused to the employer. Critical analysis This section of the paper would critically analyze the decision of the high court in relation to the case in order to determine to what extent the decision made by the court is correct. This part argues in the favor of the case presented by the employer. The decision of the court in this case was unanimous. No judge of the high court had a view that the duty of care had been violated by the employer. According to Lockwood, Henderson and Stansfeld (2017) the duty of care can only be violated if the harm which has been caused to the plaintiff was foreseeable. If the defendant could not have foreseen the harm he cannot be held liable for negligence. In addition Torres and Jain (2017) states that a test has to be applied in order to ensure that a harm related to psychiatric injury to an employee was reasonably foreseeable to the employer or not, and it cannot be concluded on the basis of the fact that such harm is a matter of general knowledge to the employer. In this case it had been provided by the learned judges of the court that it is the right of the employer to assume that the employee would be able to carry out his or her duties in a proper manner unless any signs or evidence to the contrary has been provided by employees. The cou rt towards reaching its decision adopted the principle provided by the case of Walker v Northumberland County Council (1994), Hatton v Sutherland (2002) and Petch v Customs and Excise Commissioners (1993), in relation to psychiatric injuries to the employees. Through the joint opinion it was determined by the judges of the high court that the problem of the appellant was not in relation to dangers related to her mental health but merely an industrial relation issue. Thus it can be provided that no duty had been imposed on the employer to foresee the mental injury caused to the employee. However it can be argued that some significant possible objections in relation to the above discussed principles had been ignored by the high court in its decision. According to Patterson (2016) a significant objection in relation to the principle is that the provisions may be largely in favor of the employee who manifests early signs of mental health problems in relation to the work pressure to the employer. Thus the employers would be seen better off if they are ignorant blissfully in relation to these problems and warning signs. It also ignores the position that the employees may be subjected to mental harm even if they do not know such harm may occur like it was in this case where all the employee could have done was to raise complaints in relation to the circumstances. As a result a clear argument can be provided that it would not be just to deprive the employee of compensation. However there is no suggestion or evidence which provides that the objections are entirely convincing and should be endorsed by the learned judges in this case with respect to the facts. Cardi (2014) states that the law of negligence in relation to employment is based on creating a balance between the right of an employer related to the freedom of action to run the business in a smooth way and to ignore risks which are unacceptable and the need of the employee in relation to a safe working environment and system. The balance has to be achieved with respect to a reasonable level and not merely out of assumptions which in this case was that a mental injury can be caused to the plaintiff without any prior indication or warning. In addition it can also be argued that the employer should not be imposed with an obligation of being clairvoyant with respect to the particular vulnerability of the employee towards a psychiatric harm where no sign of signs in relation to the problems. According to Kleiman and Kass (2014) the situation is considerably more significant when the issue is relate d to a psychotic harm as compared to a physical injury. Thus it can be fairly provided that if there was no surety of both the employee and the employer that such a harm would take place the responsibility of the harm if placed solely on the employer would be unfair. In addition as provided by Flint (2016) foreseeable means a situation which can be predicted reasonably and not a situation which is fanciful or far-fetched. However this test in relation to foreseeability was not applied in this case by the court. The principle provided by Justice Mason in the Wyong Shire Council case had been applied by CALLINAN J that a risk is foreseeable even if it is not fanciful or far-fetched as long as the probability of the risk to materialize was remote or low (Hayes et al. 2015). It was held by the judges in this case through the application of the principal that the risk that the employee would suffer mental illness within six months was far-fetched and not foreseeable. Therefore, the case provided by the employer in this case was stronger and more compelling that the case presented by the employee. References Cardi, W.J., 2014. The Role of Negligence Duty Analysis in Employment Discrimination Cases. Flint, P., 2016. An employer's duty of care to prevent psychiatric injury recent cases.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (135), p.26. Hatton v Sutherland (2002) ICR 613 Hayes, J., Lawing, K., Allison, A.L. and Rubenstein, J., 2015. Workers' Compensation and Personal Injury.The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. Kleiman, L.S. and Kass, D., 2014. Employer liability for hiring and retaining unfit workers: How employers can minimize their risks.Employment Relations Today,41(2), pp.33-41. Lockwood, G., Henderson, C. and Stansfeld, S., 2017. An assessment of employer liability for workplace stress.International Journal ofLaw and Management,59(2), pp.202-216. Patterson, J., 2016. Negligently Caused Psychiatric Harm: Recovering Principle and Fairness after the Alcock-Up at Hillsborough.Southampton Student L. Rev.,6, p.23. Petch v Customs and Excise Commissioners (1993) ICR 789 Torres, L.D. and Jain, A., 2017. Employers civil liability for work-related accidents: A comparison of non-economic loss in Chile and England.Safety Science,94, pp.197-207. Walker v Northumberland County Council [1994] EWHC QB 2

Managing job applications

Introduction The staffing process of firefighters involves spirited applicant assessment, especially because of the intricate nature of the services they are required to offer. This calls for a number of tests to be performed on aspiring candidates so as to establish their appropriateness for the job. In this paper, three types of job applicant tests will be discussed together with their legal and ethical impacts. The specific employment law and the adverse impact created by each test will also be discussed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing job applications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cognitive ability test This is the test that looks into the ability of the candidate to reason (Hunter Hunter, 1984). Applicants who successfully pass the physical dexterity test are issued with this test. Use of number test, reasoning, figures and shapes, and long and short term memory are included in the criterion th at is used to measure cognitive ability. Legal and ethical issues The cognitive ability test issued is uniform to all candidates. However, past studies have shown that there exist differences among individuals based on grounds such as sexes and racial groups. As such, a common test for the whole population may not produce reliable and consistent results that are in line with the state legislations regarding just employment opportunities, such as affirmative action and minority discrimination. Improving cognitive ability test Much room exists on how to improve on both the administration and analysis of cognitive ability tests. Different tests can be administered to different candidates based on their area of origin, sex and racial groups. Similarly, use of non-cognitive measures can be employed. These have the advantage of exhibiting a small or no differences at all by means of subgroups. Motor and physical ability tests This is a recruitment test modeled to assess the aspiring candi date’s physical and motor capacity in performing important tasks while in job. This will show the individual capacity to function as a firefighter. The candidates are placed in a chain that best simulates fire scene events while allowing an 85-foot walk between them. In this test, the candidates are required to wear heavy vest to imitate the weight of self-contained breathing machines and firefighter shielding cloths (Schmitt, Clause, Pulakos, 1996). Legal and ethical issues The motor and physical ability test may contradict the legal requirements on grounds of being discriminative on persons with physical disabilities. However the nature of the responsibility that the candidate is expected to undertake for that matter as a firefighter automatically outdo the requirements of the law. Improving the Physical and Motor tests Motor and physical accuracy can be improved and accuracy of results ensured. This can be done by employing use of two stopwatches to time the physical test . One stopwatch can be used as the bureaucrat to assess time stopwatch and the second one used as the backup stopwatch. In addition, the current technologies especially those that improve accuracy of the data collected from the candidate’s performance can be used.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Personality and interests tests These tests are a common pack when hiring fire fighters. This is because they help the employer to identify as well as gauge the uniqueness and traits in individuals that remain established over time. However, past studies have shown a big number of candidates who are hired after being taken through personality test deliberately manipulate their response in an attempt to appear better (Jensen, 1980). Legal and ethical Issues The bone of contention of personality test and law is the fact that the test may evoke asking of questions that may infrin ge the privacy of the candidate as stipulated by the privacy laws. This is brought about by the kind of questions asked to the candidates by the human resource management team. As such, questions that are too personal can be avoided to eliminate the risk of qualification as infringement on the candidate privacy rights. Improving Personality and Interests tests There is still a big space for improvement of tests assessing personality and interests. A good example can be improving personality predictor tests through incorporation of current approaches for conducting meta-analysis of the information. Comparison of the Legal and ethical implications of the three Tests Considering the essence of each of the discussed test that are used for measuring the suitability of a candidate to be recruited as a firefighter, no test would have major implication because the state of affairs and working environment of firefighters requires that candidates be thoroughly screened before being recruited into the forgiven jobs. As such, there is no strict adherence to the equal opportunity employment legislations when recruiting personnel to work as firefighters. Impact of advancement in Technology in Job Applicant Suitability Tests Technology has made the work of human resource department much quicker, safe and expedient. Organizations that get large number of applicants for vacant post may get the advantage of using technology to minimize the applicant numbers, maybe by use of e- screening of resumes. Recommendations The most appropriate job applicant assessment test for fire fighters would be the Motor and Physical test. It is better to have candidates who are physically fit instead of those having excellent cognitive ability. This is because of the physical involvement of their work. The other tests however should not be disregarded. If anything, personality and interest tests need to be undertaken on candidates   to ensure that the candidates can cope with the many possibilit ies of potentially emotionally destabilizing and disturbing situations as they serve as fire fighters. On the same note, cognitive ability of fire fighters needs to be assessed to ascertain their capacity to handle events and situations that call for critical reasoning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing job applications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Hunter, J. E. Hunter, R. F. (1984). Validity and utility of alternate predictors of job performance. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 72-98. Jensen, A. R. (1980). Bias in mental testing. New York, NY: Free Press. Schmitt, N., Clause, C. S. Pulakos, E. D. (1996). Subgroup differences associated with different measures of some common job-relevant constructs. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 11, 115-139. This essay on Managing job applications was written and submitted by user Cayson Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

50 Research Proposal Topics Ideas for Writing a Masters Dissertation

50 Research Proposal Topics Ideas for Writing a Masters Dissertation Best ideas to write a winning research proposal for Ph.D. dissertation. Here are some ideas for the graduate student in need of the research proposal topics for their Ph.D. dissertation or Masters Thesis. They are categorized by several of the most popular departments (English, Political Science, History, etc.) and by difficulty. English/Literature Simple: The Lasting Influence of the Beat Generation: How Their Literature Speaks to Posterity Decadence in American Literature The Macabre of Edgar Allen Poe Moderate: How the English Language Has Evolved Over the Last 20 Years Due to Improvements in Technology Sexuality in Contemporary English/American Literature Masochism and Sadism in British Gothic Literature Difficult: The Long-Lasting Effects of Individualism in British Romantic Literature Environmental Ethics in American and American Indian Literature from the 17th Century to the Present The Pretentiousness of British Literature and its Exclusion of the American Reader History Simple: How History Helps Humanity Avoid Making the Mistakes of Old Women’s Right and Women’s Suffrage Moderate: Imperialism through Asian Eyes The Geographical Limitations of the Roman Empire Difficult: The Fall of the Roman Empire Comparison of FDR and Winston Churchill During World War II Political Science Simple: Inner-Workings of the European Union Moderate: Changes in Diplomacy After World War II The History of Diplomacy Since the Middle Ages Difficult: Malaysian Foreign Policy in the Post-Mahathir Era, (2003-Present) The Haitian Crisis of 1991-1994: Constraints and Asymmetry in United States-Latin American Relations Religion/Theology Simple: Christianity in the American South Reformation of Martin Luther during the Renaissance Period Moderate: Spirituality of the Native American Indian Interpreting the Bible in the 21st Century Difficult: The Diverging Views of Christianity in Europe Education Simple: Advantages and Disadvantages to Standardized Testing in the United States 21st Century Approaches to Education Moderate: Job-embedded Learning: How Teachers Learn from One Another During the Workday Difficult: A Review and Analysis of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 Philosophy Simple: Applications and the Relevance of Existentialism in the 21st Century Deficient Causation in Leibniz Moderate: Rational Hope in Kants Moral Religion Heideggers Critique of the Cartesian Problem of Skepticism Difficult: The Prescriptivity of Conscious Belief Aristotle on Modality and Determinism Psychology Simple: The Effect of Positive Thinking on Life Success Identifying Predictors of Aggression in Children Moderate: Anger, Aggression, and Irrational Beliefs in Adolescents Emotional Intelligence as a Predictor of Victimization Among Adolescent Males Difficult: Rational Emotive Behavior Play Therapy vs. Client Centered Therapy Utilizing a Psycho-Educational Intervention to Reduce the Effects of Exposure to Media Images of Body of Young Adolescent Girls Criminal Justice Simple: Adolescent Deviance Within Families and Neighborhoods Procedural Justice During Police-Citizen Encounters Moderate: Meta-Analysis of Early Life Influences on Behavior in Criminals Difficult: The Effects of Individual Vulnerability and Lifestyle/Routine Activities on Fear of Crime and Perceptions of Risk in the School Setting The Adoption of Crime Prevention Technologies in Public Schools Journalism Simple: A Look at How Objective Journalism and Free Speech Sustains Democracy – and How the Absence of Both Promotes Autocracy Moderate: Publicity Matters: How Promotional Journalism and Public-Relations Marketing Can Go Hand in Hand New Journalism: How the Incorporation of Narrative and Fiction Techniques Brought Forth an Innovative Approach to Conveying the News and News-Worthy Topics Difficult: The Transition from Print Media to Online/Digital Media and the Role of Both Moving Forward You may use the topics above as the ideas to get started with your own research proposal. Let us know if you havent found an idea related to your field of study and well try to give you one.

Career Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career Planning - Essay Example For example, the BSN degree objective must be achieved in less than two years and the family nurse practitioner in less than three years. The time frames set shed light to Ziglar’s golden rule that every goal should commence immediately. By that he means that there is no need to procrastinate. However, every goal is limited by obstacles. In this case, obstacles may include inconveniences that inhibit the learning process such as financial constraints. The final component of the plan of action is the consideration. What is the ultimate benefit of achieving the objectives? In this case, it is working in a women clinic after achieving the BSN and family nurse practitioner degrees. Individuals assume that time is the main reason for failing to achieve their goals. Ziglar terms that as a fallacy and counters that belief by saying that every individual is presented with the same number of hours in a day. Despite the fact that one is rich or poor, every individual has 24 hours in a day to set objectives and accomplish them in an effort to achieve their goals. Five years might seem quite a long period to achieve both my BSN and family nurse practitioner degrees. However, every single day counts in relation to my drive towards accomplishing such goals. Every day has its unique activities towards the achievement of goals. Such new activities bring forth more opportunities that would not have been realized had the activities not undertaken. Therefore, in my effort to achieve my career goals, my success will be measured by how wisely I use the five years, or less, to achieve both degrees and attain the confirmation to work in a women

Achieving Professionalism -Main theatre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Achieving Professionalism -Main theatre - Essay Example It has been found that the styles that the leaders incorporate in running the operations and activities of an organization immensely contribute to the success of the firm. It is the responsibility of the managers and directors to ensure that the strategies of leadership that they use in their organizations are effective and efficient. Having visited Johns Hopkins Hospital and evaluated the operations and activities in the hospital, I realized that there are various effects of the leadership strategies that are used to the success of the organization. Being an international hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital offers various medical services to the clients, and its success is influenced by the managerial and leadership approaches that are integrated in the organization. I liked the leadership approaches that are used in Johns Hopkins Hospital because they positively influence every worker in the organization. The employees are considered to be part of the hospital, in the sense that they are consulted in decision-making. The management values teamwork and this positively impacts to the performance of the organization. Patients are offered quality treatment and services because the nurses and medical practitioners in the organization are trained on various skills of handling clients. The management of the organization understands the need of integrating different leadership styles depending on the department and issue to be addressed. For instance, the employees adhere and follow the company’s code of ethics and codes of conducts, and this helps them in meeting the needs of the employees effectively. Strong leadership that is observed in the organization is achieved because the nurse leaders ensure that every employee offers the highest level of care. The management encourages employees to work closely and take the needs of the patients ahead of their personal issues. The leaders mentor the other nurses and medical professionals in the organization.

The Theory And Practice Of Financial Liberalization Economics Essay

The Theory And Practice Of Financial Liberalization Economics Essay Government intervention in the determining of the price and allocation of credit was termed as financial repression by McKinnon and Shaw in early 1970s. Interest rates control by government, credit controls, barriers to entry to financial sector, state control of banking sector, government ownership of banks and restrictions on capital flows are six elements of financial repression identified by Williamson and Mahar (1998). Financial liberalization is one of the main reform strategies of developing economies during the globalization process. Proponents of financial liberalization argue that financial repression is the cause for lower growth rates that otherwise would be higher if open market would decide the flow of capital to projects. Assumed costs associated with repression are described as follows (Caprio et al., 2001): (1) deteriorating growth rates for countries with high levels of financial repression; (2) widespread bank insolvencies as the result of low quality lending; (3) limited access to financial resources for individuals and small firms, whereas wealthy elites take advantageous position in financial repressed system; (4) increased dependence on external financing because of negative real interest rates which results in capital flight; (5) Excessive use of capital-intensive production techniques, because artificial low real interest rates makes those projects attractive; (6) reduced monitoring and financial resource allocation functions of financial intermediaries as the result of state allocation of financ ial resources to inefficient state-owned enterprises; (7) increased risk for external crises, as the result of deteriorating fiscal balances, increased external financing or money printing. McKinnon and Shaw argued that low interest rates or negative interest rates have negative effect on savings rates, which leads to lower amount of funds available for investment through financial intermediaries. Additionally, it results in inefficient allocation of resources as low-yielding investment opportunities would be considered as good investment. It was predicted that after capital account liberalization, capital would be allocated efficiently around the world to the investment opportunities that offer highest rate of return, thus increasing global growth rates and growth rates within individual countries. Furthermore, by being able to invest both internally and externally investors were able to diversify their investment, which would result in lower risks. 2. Financial liberalization: from theory to practice Arestis and Demetriades (1999) state that theoretically financial liberalization can promote economic development by increasing savings, investments, and the productivity of capital. However, much of the evidence from financial liberalization episodes from both developing and developed economies points to significant destabilizing consequences, including incidents of severe financial crises. 2.1 Liberalization: interest rates and savings rates Countries that went through liberalization process, after removal of artificial ceilings on interest rates, experienced high rise of real interest rates. While it is broadly accepted that negative real interest rates have negative effect on saving and investment, this does not mean that high real interest rates have positive impact on savings and investment. For poor developing countries regardless of interest rates level, savings rates will be insensitive to changes as major part of the population lives on near subsistence income (Campbell Mankiw, 1990 ?). Reynoso (1989) states that the rate of savings increase as interest rates move from extreme negative rates to slightly less than zero, but as the interest rates become positive saving rates goes down (Williamson and Mahar, 1998). Chapple (1991) finds that savings rates both at individual and corporate level fell after the implementation of financial liberalization. Bayoumi (1993) found the same effect in UK after financial deregulation in the 1980s. Demetriades and Devereux (1992) examine sixty-three countries from 1961 to 1990 and find that real interest rates are negatively correlated with investment. However, Gelb (1989) finds very weak positive relation between real interest rates and investment. Modestly positive real interest rates in middle-income developing countries may be optimal for maximising savings rates; whereas very negative or high real interest rates are associated with lower savings rates for developing countries. 2.2 Liberalization and financial depth Several measures have been proposed to analyze the depth of the financial sector. Mostly those measures focus on ratios of broad money aggregates (M2, M3) to the size of economy such as money/GDP ratio, which measures the level of the monetization in the economy. The broad money measures are used in the studies, because broad money increases in the faster way in the presence of financial deepening, whereas narrow money (M1 i.e. notes and coins) increase at the same rate as the growth of the economy. Williamson and Mahar (1998) in their studies of thirty-four developed and developing countries find that financial depth increased in all developed countries, except of France, after the liberalization process. With the exception of Philippines, Turkey and Venezuela other developing countries which were analysed in their studies also experienced substantial or moderate financial deepening. 2.3 Liberalization and the efficient allocation of domestic financial resources One of the key arguments for proponents of the financial liberalization was that process would lead to more efficient allocation of financial resources on commercial basis to most productive enterprises, which in turn would increase the level of the productivity and growth rate of the economy. The number of country level (?) analysis supports this view. The studies of Indonesia by Siregar (1992) and Ecuador by Jaramillo (1992) find that credit allocation was shifted to more technologically advanced and efficient firms. Number of studies in Korea (Atiyas, 1992), Mexico (Gelos, 1997), Argentina (Morriset, 1993) and Turkey (Pehlivan, 1996) state that financial liberalization led to greater access and improvement of allocation of credit to smaller firms that have been disadvantaged in repressed system. Galindo, Schiantarelli and Weiss (2007) found strong evidence that liberalization in twelve developing countries resulted in an increase in the efficiency of the allocation of resources. 2.4 Liberalization and the efficient allocation of international financial resources It was predicted that as the result of liberalization, there would be reallocation of global funds from developed countries to developing world, because enterprises in developing and emerging economies had a higher potential for growth. 2.5 Liberalization of capital flows Liberalization of capital flows is also one of the topics in the economic literature with greatest disconnection between the economic theory and the empirical cases. Neoclassical theories suggest that free flows of external capital should be equilibrating and help smooth a countrys consumption and production paths. However, in the real world, liberalization of capital flows has constantly been associated with serious economic and financial crises in Asia and Latin America in the 1990s. There is a large body of empirical work presenting the close link between the liberalization of the financial system and economic and financial crises particularly in developing countries. The recent Asian crisis, for example, is an excellent case for examining the role of capital account liberalization in causing or accelerating the regions financial meltdown. In a recent study by Williamson and Drabek (1998), it is indicated that the only difference between the countries that did or did not have econ omic crisis is the status of their capital account. Their finding is also in parallel with Stiglitzs (2000) study concluding that the growth benefits of capital account liberalization are obscured by the costs of associated volatility. It is now well known that, premature financial liberalization seriously contributed to the occurrence and the depth of the crises in countries like Thailand, Korea and Indonesia even if it was not the origin of the crises. On the other side, India and China, two of the economies with controlled capital accounts, managed to avoid the crisis and sustained their economic growth. Theoretically, it is possible that the instability caused by capital account liberalization is more than compensated for by faster long-run economic growth due to greater availability of capital inflows (Fisher 1997; Summers 2000). Although this statement is frequently suggested by the proponents of liberalization reforms, the results of empirical studies on the effects of capital account liberalization on economic growth are mixed. While Edison, Levine, Ricci and Slock (2002) do not find a strong relation between international integration and economic growth, Borensztein, De Gregorio and Lee (1998) find that there is a positive link between FDI and economic growth when the education level is high in the host country. In contrast, Mody and Murshid (2002) find that there is a one-to-one relation between the capital inflows and the domestic investment, but the link becomes weaker over time. 2.6 Liberalization and financial crises Development of the more sophisticated financial sectors by the contribution of foreign banks and investors is expected to lead to a sustainable economic growth in these economies. However, free capital mobility which is another outcome of the financial integration has led to a highly unstable international financial environment leaving the developing economies in deep financial turmoil. Williamson and Mahar (1998) find in their study of thirty-four countries that went through the process of liberalization, that all of them experienced some form of systemic financial crisis during the period of 1980 and 1997. Even though, crises in twenty-one of these countries followed directly after the liberalization process, and while not all of them were caused by liberalization, it seems very likely that substantial proportion certainly was. Research made by Griffith-Jones and Gottschalk (2004) estimated US$ 1.25 trillion loss in eight countries that had suffered financial crisis, which further worsened situation with poverty in those countries. Eichengreen (2004) estimates that as the result of the currency and banking crises levels of developing countries income fell by 25%. Such fact proves again that financial liberalization process should be implemented only after the establishment of strong regulatory and supervisory mechanisms of the financial sector.

Horror Films

Movies have been growing increasingly more explicit for years. Horror films are no longer based on a cleverly written script with lots of twists and turns, but rather how graphic and twisted the images are throughout the movie. Horror films are appealing to viewers for various reasons. In fact, according to some film critics, â€Å"good† horror films have particular characteristics. Maggie McCutcheon in â€Å"Too Disturbing, Too Shocking,† According to Olson, people particularly enjoy experiencing the end of their fear and terror.Once the fear and terror have ended, people feel better. And, according to Stephen King in â€Å"Why We Crave Horror Movies,† horror films can help us confront our fears, and help us deal with the â€Å"bad side† of ourselves. Given the wide variety of characteristics â€Å"good â€Å"horror films have, this paper will address two specific characteristics of horror films. One characteristic is visual images/suggestions that symb olize our fears. Another characteristic is vitality or strength of source of horror.In order to analyze the characteristics of horror films, I viewed Poltergeist, an early 1980s film about a family being haunted by earthbound spirits, and I also read four definitive articles about horror films. One characteristic of a good horror films is visual images/suggestions that symbolize our fears. Stanley J. Solomon in â€Å"The Nightmare World† claims the cinema of horror concretizes this nightmare world- our abstract fears of destruction and death.The Midnight visits of vampires, the laboratory induced reincarnations, the skull deformities, the murders in the fog – these visual images of the genre may be the symbols of our fears rather than the psychological source of them, but the terror without a body is terror deprived of a means of menacing us. The movie Poltergeist certainly has this characteristic. Examples of visual images from the movie is a scary clown that looks me an , sitting in the chair and has the ability to move , goes under Robbie’s bed.A hand reaching out of the TV also the gateway for the beast to reach Carol Anne, parents later communicate with Carol Anne through the TV. Another image is a Dead tree outside the house making scary shadows every time it storms and also tries to eat Robbie. And in the closet there is a monster that takes Carol Anne and at the end of the movie the closet turns in to a Giant throat with a serpent coming out of it sucking the house in to the earth. So clearly the viewers can see the characteristic of isual images in the horror film Poltergeist. Another characteristic of a horror film is Vitality or strength of source of horror. Stanley J. Solomon in â€Å"The Nightmare World† claims If the depiction of archetypal fears is one aspect of the genre, the process whereby these fears become dramatic incidents in a film reveals at least two other genre traits: the degree of unpreparedness on the par t of the endangered victim, and the vitality or strength of the source of horror. The movie Poltergeist certainly has this characteristic.Some examples are a normal looking neighborhood, Tweety dies , Steven has a remote control war with his neighbor , Carol Anne answers the TV people questions, Diane mentions the swimming pool what if Carol Anne falls in, the way the clown looks when its lighting in the kids room and when the Tree and storm clouds look and the hand reaching out from the TV, but only Carol Anne sees it- rest of the family thinks it’s a earthquake and the chairs stacked up, out from the table , and Robbie utensils are bent.So you can definitely tell that Poltergeist has the characteristic in the film. In conclusion Poltergeist clearly reflects the characteristics of having visual images/suggestions that symbolize our fears and of allowing viewers a degree of unpreparedness on the part of the endangered victim. Based on my evaluation, I believe Poltergeist is a very effective horror film.In fact, according to Tim Dirks article states that horror films are generally set in spooky old mansions or fog shrouded, dark locales, with â€Å"unknown,† supernatural or grotesque creatures, ranging from vampires, madmen, devils unfriendly ghost, monsters, even the unseen, diabolical presence of evil. This is the case with Poltergeist, and I think many people still like this horror film till this day.

Library management system Essay

Introduction Library management system is an aspect or branch of information management system that keeps the records of both the library users, books in the library and the activities that is going on in the library, activities like borrowing books and returning books. Information management in general is the collection and management of information from one or more source and distribution of the information to one or more audience. This sometimes involves those who a stake in or right to that information. Management means the organization of and control over the structure, processing, and delivery of information. In short information management entails organizing retrieving acquiring and maintaining information. It is closely related to and overlapping with the practice of data management. A good library manager must be able to take of the following activities in the library; Keep records of books in the library, keep records of the library user, keep track of books borrowed by any library user, keep record of time a library user borrowed and return books and also after each day for decision making purpose, the library manager must be able to make analysis of books borrowed per day, analysis of the type of book people requested for per day and analysis of the author people read his/her book most per day. The emergence of the Internet, however, has led to the adoption of electronic catalog databases (often referred to as â€Å"web cats† or as online public access catalogs, OPACs), which allow users to search the library’s holdings from any location with internet access. This style of catalog maintenance is compatible with new types of libraries, such as digital libraries and distributed libraries, as well as older libraries that have been retrofitted. This proposed system is an offline access of library system or it doesn’t need to have an internet or web connection to run the program. It focuses on library transaction including borrowing of books, producing a library report in much accurate and easier way. In this system, the librarian doesn’t have to use a card catalog; all she has to do is search the specific name of the book, title of book, and/or author in the system. The reasons why the researcher chose to study the electronic library system are, to find out the effectiveness of the electronic library system in the place where it is implemented, to answer the problems encountered in the existing library systems and to show additional features that can be integrated for faster retrieval of data. Theoretical / Conceptual Framework An Integrated Library System (ILS), also known as library management system (LMS), is a resource planning system for a library, used to track and manage books in the library (Adebayo 2007). An ILS is usually comprised of a relational database, software to act on that database, and two graphical user interfaces (one for patrons, one for staff). Most ILS separate software functions into discrete programs called modules, which are then integrated into a unified interface. Examples of modules include: acquisitions (ordering, receiving, and invoicing materials), cataloging (classifying and indexing materials), circulation (lending materials to patron’s and receiving them back), serials (tracking magazine and newspaper and newspaper holdings), and the OPAC (Public Interface for Users). Each patron and item has a unique ID in the database that allows the ILS to track its activity. Larger libraries use an ILS to order and acquire, receive and invoice, catalog, circulate, track and shelve materials. Most sizable First World libraries use an ILS. Smaller libraries, such as private homes or non-profit organizations (e. g. churches and synagogues), often forego the expense and maintenance required to run an ILS, and instead use a library computer system. ILS was often known as library automation systems or automated system in the 1970’s and early 1980’s. Before the advent of computers, libraries usually used a card catalog to index its holdings. Computers were used to automate the card catalog, thus resorting the card catalog, keeping it up-to-date with respect to the collection, etc. Other tasks automated include checking out and checking in books, generating statistics and reports, acquisitions and subscriptions, indexing journal articles and linking to them, as well as tracking interlibrary loans. Since the late 1980’s windows and multitasking have allowed business functions to be integrated. Instead of having to open up separate applications, library staff could now use a single application with multiple function modules. As the internet grew, ILS vendors offered more functionality related to the internet. Major ILS systems now offer web-based portals where library users can log in to view their account, renew their books, and be authenticated to use online databases. Shibanda (2002) cited that integrated process of a computerized library system can keeps the track of all the books and periodicals and keeping the status updated. Apparently, there are â€Å"user IDs† and associated passwords to make an access in the system. This will keep all the information regarding the materials updated and monitored. The use of the computerized library system is a kind of technology that is popular in the developed countries. Perhaps, this is the right time for the developing countries to show any sign of development and progress even in the technological approach. A computerized library system among the universities is just a simple approach to change the approach of the schools in their one of most busy areas. Through the use of the necessary infrastructure and implementation of the process, the computerized library system can be effective. Stephen Abram (2009) said that traditionally, the library management system or integrated library system (ILS) was responsible for running libraries efficiently and effectively. Over the last few years, the role of the ILS has been expanding from meeting library needs to delivering user experience. Pandita (2004) in her paper â€Å"Collection Development in the Digital Era† examined the impact of electronic format on the collection development. She pointed out that the policy of content development needs to be worked out and re-designed. Mandal and Panda (2005) in their research paper titled â€Å"Collection Development in the Internet Age and the Need for a Consortium in the Engineering College Libraries in West Bengal: A Study† discussed the different dimensions of collection development. The existing state of library collection and infrastructural facilities of 17 engineering college libraries in West Bengal were examined. Author suggested the staff training, provision of adequate staff and funds, appropriate infrastructure in IT and a need based collection. This study requires data for books and borrowers which will be used for registration, checking records on the database, view and print book status. Output of the electronic system will be the releasing of the books, Issuance of receipt and prints other information. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Figure 1: Schema of the Study Statement of the Problem This study aims to find out the effectiveness of E – Library in the Municipal Library of Liloy, Zamboanga Del Norte during the calendar year 2012 – 2013. Specifically it intends to answer the following questions: 1. What is the status of the library system? 2. What are the problems encountered by the current library system? 3. What proposed system to be implemented? 4. What is level of functionality in terms of accuracy and speed? Significance of the Study. The study was focused only to improve the library system that helps the librarian, readers, and other concerned people in terms of borrowing books, transaction, managing data, saving records, produce reports and the time and effort statements of assumption. The electronic system manages and maintains records in a library of a certain borrower used to borrow books from a library. Transaction of books can be faster, and with the used of this system, there’s no need of manual recording by the librarian or any person who is in-charge to this system, which made the user of this system’s work lighter and convenience. The study is not intended to change all the principle details and methods of borrowing books from the library but rather to improve it in much accurate and reliable form. Scope and Delimitation: The scope of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of the computerized library system in order to support the continuous learning in various pedagogical settings. To achieve this primary goal, the study should consider the three objectives. First is to compare the existing library system from the traditional system. Second is to compare and contrast the  various schools or universities that successfully managed the computerized approach as new library. Third is to identify the weaknesses and potential threats to make a recommendation on how to strengthen the computerized library system. The study was limited on wide area networking which needs greater requirements on both system hardware and software and exclusively implemented in the Municipal of Liloy, Zamboanga del Norte. Definition of Terms In order to have clearer idea about the study, the researcher defines the following terms: Code. This pertain to the process of writing the necessary code required to develop the prototype Library Management System. LMS. Library Managements System, Software helps the users to manage a library. Database. This term mains a large, comprehensive, and significant collection of data carefully organized and recorded so that information may be derived from it. Librarian. The primary user of the system. In charge of user’s creation, book item creation, check –The one who borrow books from the library. Borrower. The one who borrow books from the library. Computerized. To enter, process, or store (data) in a computer or system of computers. Manually. Is done with the hands by human labor, not automatic. Library. A considerable collection of books kept for use, and not as merchandise. System. Is a group of elements that are integrate with the common purpose of achieving an object. Data. Is information in a form suitable for use with a computer. Report. Is a piece of information describing, or an account of certain events given or presented to sosmenone. Program Testing. Stage in program development process which the programmer is task to run and test to determine the program errors. Debugging. A process of fixing the errors in a computer program. Internet. Group of network computer connected around the globe. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES In this chapter, literature and studies are presented. These are related to library management system. These are taken from various references and all of which have bearing with this study. Literature By exploitation of the computers in access and management of information, universities can now administer the library’s operational efficiencies and organizational effectiveness. The more informative system in libraries can efficiently aid the processing of knowledge by supplying the useful information. The computerized library system in universities is expected to lessen the burden on both librarian and students in searching for the appropriate books and information. Therefore, the new library system centers in the advantages in terms of accessing, retrieving, and sharing information most especially in a technologically oriented University environment (Shibanda, 2002). The integrated process of a computerized library system can keeps the track of all the books and periodicals and keeping the status updated. Apparently, there are â€Å"user IDs† and associated passwords to make an access in the system. This will keep all the information regarding the materials updated and monitored. The use of the computerized library system is a kind of technology that is popular in the developed countries. Perhaps, this is the right time for the developing countries to show any sign of development and progress even in the technological approach. A computerized library system among the universities is just a simple approach to change the approach of the schools in their one of most busy areas. Through the use of the necessary infrastructure and implementation of the process, the computerized library system can be effective. However, the country or the universities should answer the various challenges including the interactive connections (telephone and modem), the electricity problems, and the process of accessibility and privacy issues. In building the strengths among the universities, it is foremost important to address the issues that might affect the efficiency and effectiveness of the process. The idea of the computerized library system is supported with the interactive environment of the country. This will serve as an advantage of the country to implement and negotiate the movement towards the computerized library systems (David, 1996). In the Philippines, there are many universities that openly participated in the computerized library systems which add to their value of promoting the learning. However, it is obvious that most of the universities that managed this new system are private or semi-private institutions. The centralized reason that might contribute in this system is the large investments that the universities bound to provide. If all of the universities in the country successfully provide the library computerization, there is a possibility to place the learning in a most accessible and easiest way. Stephen Abram (2009) said that traditionally, the library management system or integrated library system (ILS) was responsible for running libraries efficiently and effectively. Over the last few years, the role of the ILS has been expanding from meeting library needs to delivering user experience. Change has been focused on innovation in user experience. That is a challenge because libraries vary and their online users and physical users are different. For example, in a public library the physical users tend to be transaction-focused or those with less IT access or experience. In contrast, the online users of public libraries tend to be more highly educated and computer literate. In academic libraries, the online access comes from places such as student housing while those who come into the physical library tend to have more complex problems and need help with filtering rather than finding information. Elisabeth Robson (2009) pointed out that, the catalogue has become a way to pull together disparate resources, including commercial resources and web links. Library management systems also allow circulation, including check in/check-out and enable libraries to purchase materials and track where they are. One of the biggest user requirements is usability. It has to be straightforward and has to do some of the searching for the user. It’s amazing how important the look and feel of the interface is. Users want simple interfaces with simple search boxes that do a lot behind the scenes – much like they are used to with Google. Librarians also say that users want to replicate the functionality that they see elsewhere. For example, when they search the catalogue they want to be able to see reviews of the items they are interested in before they borrow them. Oren Beit-Arie (2009) discussed that, many libraries are at a crossroads, reevaluating their businesses, missions and operations. The digital world will dominate more and more in the future, because of both mass digitization and born-digital content. Global economics also have an impact. Libraries want to do more with less where it matters. At the same time, the LMS is not just about the future and digital content but also about other types of content including physical. The move to digital doesn’t mean that libraries won’t have any physical resources to manage. They need to work with tools that support a hybrid environment. Good linking is very important. Our Primo tool was the first link resolver for the research community. Link resolvers enable users to click on a link and get to the article. It doesn’t sound complicated but it is, because of the range of access methods available over the web. The article can be available in several places. Which is best for the users depends on what subscriptions have been negotiated by their institution. It is a complicated web of many-to-many connections. Marshall Breeding (2011) pointed out that, in this time of tight budgets where libraries face difficult decisions regarding how to invest their technology resources, it’s helpful to have data regarding how libraries perceive the quality of their automation systems and the companies that support them. This report, based on survey responses from over two thousands libraries, aims to give some measure of how libraries perceive their current environment and probes at their inclinations for the future. Some libraries may refer to the results of this survey as they formulate technology strategies or even consider specific products. I urge libraries not to base any decision solely on this report. While it reflects the responses of a large number of libraries using these products, I hope this survey serves more as an instrument to guide what questions that a library might bring up in their considerations and not to make premature conclusions based on subjective responses. Especially for libraries with more complex needs, it’s unrealistic to expect satisfaction scores at the very top of the rankings. Large and complex libraries exercise all aspects of an automation system and at any given time may have outstanding issues that would naturally result in survey responses short of the highest marks. The survey results also aim to provide useful information to the companies involved in the library automation industry. While each company likely performs its own measures of client satisfaction, this survey may show perceptions in different ways. I hope that the rankings in each category and the published comments provide useful information to help each of the companies hone in on problem areas and make any needed adjustments to their support procedures or product directions. This year marks the fourth time that I’ve carried out this survey. Each year I have received around 2,000 responses, and a few more libraries responded this year than in any of the previous iterations. In very broad terms, the survey results are similar this year, but with some interesting new trends. Al-Ansari and Al-Enezi (2001) conducted a study to assess the current status of health sciences libraries in Kuwait. Study was titled 16 â€Å"Health Sciences Libraries in Kuwait: A Survey of Their Resources, Facilities, and Services†. Library facilities, use of IT, information services and co-operation were the various facets explored. Survey revealed that majority of the library staff was non-professional. Libraries were offering only basic information services and a significant number of libraries were not automated. Joshi (2001) â€Å"Veterinary College Libraries in Maharashtra. † Information was gathered about libraries through questionnaire. Book collection was found inadequate to meet information needs of the users and its growth was very slow. Journal subscription was not satisfactory, libraries were understaffed. Author recommended that Indian Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Universities should regularly organize orientation programmes for librarians. Similarly, Veer (2004) carried out a study titled â€Å"College of Education Libraries in Maharashtra: A Survey. † It is an unpublished Ph. D. thesis. Gautam and Srivastava (2006) examined the prevailing position of documentation and information services of libraries of 30 agricultural universities in India under title â€Å"State-of-the-Art of Documentation and Information Services in SAU Libraries in India†. It had been found that all libraries were providing CAS and bibliographical services. Adebayo (2007) conducted a study to examine the implementation of library service standards in the colleges of education in Nigeria under name â€Å"Library Services Standards Implemented in Colleges of Education in Nigeria†. Data was collected through structured questionnaire. Results of the study revealed that libraries were rendering basic services as recommended by National Commissions for Colleges of Education. These were not providing indexing and abstracting services. Partap (2007) conducted a survey of the libraries of 18 colleges of education in 3 districts of Punjab. He found that collection size of the libraries varied considerably and comparatively older colleges had large collections. Majority of the libraries were being kept open for 6 to 7 hours a day. He suggested for the introduction of user education programme and stressed on the need to increase the range and depth of collection and services. Sujatha and Mudhol (2009) in the paper titled â€Å"Evaluation of Electronic Information Services in the Fisheries College Libraries in South India: A Study† described the electronic information services in four fisheries college libraries. Authors also discussed the challenges the libraries and information centers were facing. Thornton (2000) â€Å"Impact of Electronic Resources on Collection Development, the Roles of Librarians, and Library Consortia†. Study was conducted to find the impact of electronic resources and the 21 Internet on collection development and discuss the changing role of librarians, library co-operation and collection development. It had been concluded that consortia will become more important sources in electronic information world. Pandita (2004) in her paper â€Å"Collection Development in the Digital Era† examined the impact of electronic format on the collection development. She pointed out that the policy of content development needs to be worked out and re-designed. Mandal and Panda (2005) in their research paper titled â€Å"Collection Development in the Internet Age and the Need for a Consortium in the Engineering College Libraries in West Bengal: A Study† discussed the different dimensions of collection development. The existing state of library collection and infrastructural facilities of 17 engineering college libraries in West Bengal were examined. Author suggested the staff training, provision of adequate staff and funds, appropriate infrastructure in IT and a need based collection. Mulla and Chandrashekara (2006) â€Å"E-Resources and Services in Engineering College Libraries – A Case Study†. Study was conducted to examine the efforts made by the engineering college libraries in Karnataka to build electronic resources. Results of the study revealed that collection and service infrastructure of the libraries in sampled regions were not up to the mark and libraries were struggling to build digital collection and in disseminating digital information due to lack of ICT infrastructure, IT trained manpower and paucity of finances, etc. 22 Adekanmbi and Boadi (2008) in study titled, â€Å"Problems of Developing Library Collections: A Study of Colleges of Education Libraries in Botswana† ascertained the availability and use of collection development policies in the college of education  libraries, in Botswana. In addition to using questionnaires, interviews were conducted to gather information from senior librarians, deputy principals of colleges and board of the affiliated institutions of the University of Botswana. Study brought to notice that majority of the libraries did not have collection development policies. Lack of constant training for librarians, inadequate staff, lack of support from administration and unavailability of collection development policies were some of the major problems found. It was further found that majority of the libraries did not involve their users in formulation of policies and did not implement these for collection development. Study revealed the need to train librarians on collection development. Mary and Sankar (2008) â€Å"Collection Evaluation of PSN College of Engineering and Technology Library and PET Engineering College Library in Tirunelveli District†. Authors described the various techniques of evaluating the document collection in academic libraries and evaluated the collection development practices of two engineering colleges. Sharma et al. (2008) evaluated the collection development in libraries of 38 engineering colleges of Orissa under title â€Å"Collection Management of Engineering College Libraries of Orissa: An Evaluative Study†. Information was collected from libraries using questionnaires. 23 Study concluded that growing dissatisfaction of the users arising from non-availability of needed documents and lack of provision of services could be boiled down to some extent, by rendering at least CAS or current contents or information about latest addition to users. Mallaiah and Gowda (2009) in paper â€Å"Collection Development inMangalore University Library: A User Study† discussed the usefulnessof collection development in a university library and attempted to findwhether the UGC-INFONET E-journals were meeting the users information needs. Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter presents and describes the research design, research environment, research instrument and the research procedure. Research Design The study utilized a description method reviewing a library database as basis to come up with the design on prototype Library Management System. The researcher decided to use Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 as the programming language in the entire system and Microsoft Access as the database wherein it will store the records of the borrower’s, books etc. Research Environment This research is focused at Municipal library of Liloy, Zamboanga Del Norte. Liloy is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. It embraces 37 barangays with a total land area of 12,843 hectares with a total estimated population of 36,948 in 1995. It is mainly as agricultural community whose existing economy relies mostly on crop production such us corn, rice, coconuts, peanuts, and root crops. Liloy is a fishing ground of the northwestern towns of the province of Zamboanga. It is also known as â€Å"The Peanut Capital of ZaNorte†. Liloy is one of the most promising of the twelve towns of the 3rd Congressional District of Zamboanga del Norte. It was once a barrio of Municipality of Sindangan. It was created and become a duly constituted municipal corporation by virtue of Executive Order No. 469 issued by President Elpidio Quirino on August 22, 1951 but was unorganized and inaugurated on December 16, of the same year. [1] A huge portion of the territorial jurisdiction of Liloy had been taken away as a result of the creation and separation of Salug in 1959 and later in Tampilisan in 1978. Now the total land area is only 12,843 hectares, seventy-eight percent of the land area is agricultural planted to coconuts, corn, rice, and root crop. Residential area is sixty-five (65) hectares. Commercial area at present is nine (9) hectares; Industrial area is found in Barangay Timan and Sta. Cruz with a total land area of (10); institutional land is fifty (50) hectares and the rest comprise the open space and road right of – way. What may be considered urban land according to the records in the assessor’s office are eight hundred sixty hectares and this increasing very fast with the approaching full operation of Liloy’s wharf. Map of Liloy, Zamboanga Del Norte Research Instrument There where two sets of sources of data which will be used in this study: The borrower’s data which include the borrower’s ID, Borrowers name, Place and contact. And the book data which include the books no. ISBN, book title, author, category and the year it has been published. Research Procedure The procedure of the study was, the researcher secured permission from the Municipal library, Interviewed library staff and gathered important data’s to be use in the study, then the next logical steps followed, The researcher also analyzed and designed the solution for the system, coded the solution into a programming language, tested the running system and prepared detailed specification of the study for the benefit of the primary user of the system. BIBLIOGRAPHY Achonna, A. U.  (2008), â€Å"Awareness, Access and Usage of EJournal Resources of the Library, by the Students of Yaba College of Technology, Yaba –Lagos Nigeria†, Samaru Journal of Information Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, PP. 26-34. Available from http://www. ajol. info/viewarticle. php? jid=335&id= 44510&layout=abstract (06-03-10). Adebayo, E. L. (2007), â€Å"Library Services Standards Implemented in Colleges of Education in Nigeria†, Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 2, PP. 279-281. Available from http://medwelljournals. com/fulltext/pjss/2007/279-281. pdf (18-01-10). Adekanmbi, Arinola Rebecca; and Boadi, Benzies Y.(2008), â€Å"Problems of Developing Library Collections: A Study of Colleges of Education Libraries in Botswana†, Information Development, Vol. 24, No. 4, PP. 275-288. Available from http://cat. inist. fr/ ? aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=20877276 (14-05-09). Adikata, Adnan Ali; and Anwar, Mumtaz A. (2006), â€Å"Student Library Use: A Study of Faculty Perceptions in a Malaysian University†, Library Review, Vol. 55, No. 2, PP. 106-119. Available from http://www. emeraldinsight. com/10. 1108/ 00242530610649602 (20-02-09). Agaba, D. ; Kigogo-Bukenya, I. M. N. ; and Nyumba, J. B. (2004), â€Å"Utilization of Electronic Information Resources by Academic Staff at Makerere University†, University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, PP. 18-28. Available from http://www. ajol. info/viewarticle. php? jid=164&id=16357&layout =abstract (02-03-10). Ahmad, Moin; and Haridasan, Sudharma (2006), â€Å"Use of Periodicals by the Scholars at National Library of Veterinary Sciences: A User’s Survey†, IASLIC Bulletin, Vol. 51, No. 2, PP. 05-17. Al-Ansari, Husain A. ; and Al-Enezi, Sana (2001), â€Å"Health Sciences Libraries in Kuwait: A Survey of Their Resources, Facilities, and Services†, Bull Med Libr Assoc., Vol. 89, No. 3, PP. 287-293. Available from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/ articles/PMC34562/ (24-02-10). Anasi, S. (2006), â€Å"Internet Use Pattern of Undergraduate Students at the University of Lagos, Nigeria†, University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1&2, PP. 1-15. Available from http://www. ajol. info/viewarticle. php? jid=164&id=37030& layout=abstract (17-01-10). Atakan, Cemal; Atilgan, Dogan; Bayram, Ozlem; and Arslantekin, Sacit (2008), â€Å"An Evaluation of the Second Survey on Electronic Databases Usage at Ankara University Digital Library†, The Electronic Library, Vol. 26, No. 2, PP. 249-259. Available from http://eprints. rclis. org/14501/ (22-03-09). Atilgan, Dogan; and Bayran, Ozlem (2006), â€Å"An Evaluation of Faculty Use of Digital Library at Ankara University, Turkey†, The Journal of Academic Librarianship, Vol. 32, No. 1, PP. 86-93. Bansode, Sadanand Y. ; and Pujar, Shamprasad M. (2008), â€Å"Use of Internet by Research Scholars at Shivaji University, Kohlapur†, Annals of Library and Information Studies, Vol. 55, No. 2, PP. 123-126. Biradar, B. S. ; Kumar, P. Dharani; and Mahesh, Y. (2009). â€Å"Use of Information Sources and Services in Library of Agriculture Science College, Shimoga: A Case Study†, Annals of Library and Information Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, PP. 63-68. Carr, Reg (2006), â€Å"What Users Want: An Academic ‘Hybrid’ Library Perspective†, Ariadne, No. 46. Available from http://www. ariadne. ac. uk/issue46/carr/intro. html (23-03-09). and Lochhart, Brian (2005), â€Å"Library User Survey: Resources, Facilities and Circulation Service†, Report on survey results. Available from http://www. paradisevalley. edu/library/assessment/LibraryUserSurvey Results. pdf (01-02-09). Choukhande Vaishali G.; and Kumar, P. S. G. (2004), â€Å"Analytical Study of Information Needs and Use Pattern of Faculty Members and Research Scholars of Amravati University†, ILA Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 3, PP. 23-31. Chowdappa, N. ; Chandrashekara, M. ; and Ramasesh, C. P. (2009) â€Å"Impact of Electronic Information Sources on the Academic Users in Mysore: An Analytical Study†, SRELS Journal of Information Management, Vol. 46, No. 2, PP. 155-162. 77 Fatima, Nishat; and Ahmad, Naved (2008), â€Å"Information Seeking Behaviour of the Students at Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University: A Survey†, Annals of Library and Information Studies.

How Energy Is Conserved As It Is Converted From One Form...

Abstract: The aim of this experiment to determine whether energy is conserved as it is converted from one form of energy to another using a cart which rolls up and down an incline plane. The cart was given velocity by releasing a compressed spring within the cart onto a hard object (force sensor) and then letting it move and up and down the incline plane. Logger Pro recorded the carts velocity and displacement while the cart was in motion as well as the force felt on the sensor at the bottom of the plane during this time period. Whether or not energy was conserved was determined by calculating the energy of the cart at different points on the incline plane and comparing these different values. The initial energy of the cart before it was projected was calculated to be (0.144 + 0.02) J, when the energy was all elastic potential energy and the energy of the cart when the spring was at maximum compression during the first collision with the sensor was calculated to be (0.03+0.00294) J, when energ y was again all elastic potential energy. This shows that energy was not conserved during the motion of the cart up and down the incline plane, therefore work was done by frictional forces and the normal to the incline. The energy of the cart was lost to heat, sound, and mostly friction between the spring and the cart. Introduction: Energy is defined as the capacity of a physical system to preform work. Energy can exist in many forms including heat, kinetic, potential, and light. TheShow MoreRelatedPhysics Of The Field Of Medicine1381 Words   |  6 Pagesin the field of medicine. 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